In Anza's second trip (1775–1776) he returned to California with 240 friars, soldiers and colonists with their families. By 1870 there were railroad connections to Oakland, California and via a train ferry to San Francisco, California from Sacramento—effectively connecting all the major cities in California then to the east coast. In 1900, California became an economic and industrial power. Even before Mexico gained control of Alta California the onerous Spanish rules against trading with foreigners began to break down as the declining Spanish fleet could not enforce their no-trading policies. The 1849 Constitution[49] copied (with revisions) a lot out of the Ohio and New York Constitutions but had parts that were originally several different state constitutions as well as original material. In response to popular demand for a better more representative government, General Riley issued an official proclamation dated June 3, 1849, calling for a Constitutional Convention and an election of representatives on August 1, 1849. These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the first transcontinental telegraph stations (completed 24 October 1861). These soldiers were added to the existing companies of Stevenson's 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers. "[73] As a result, the rise of modern California equalled great tragedy and hardship for the native inhabitants. A 6 page review of some of the early history of California as it relates to missionary interaction with Native Americans. California's first railroad was built from Sacramento to Folsom, California starting in February 1855. The sea route was more than 17,000 miles (27,000 km) route from the east coast or Europe around Cape Horn in South America. [21] Food was short, and the Indians accompanying them were expected to forage for most of what they needed. Nearly all freight to California was carried by regular sailing vessels—they were slow but the cheapest way to ship cargo. The state was formerly under the military governor Colonel Richard Barnes Mason who only had about 600 troops to govern California—many of these troops deserted to go to the gold fields. Essentially all the cost of the California government (what little there was) was paid for by these tariffs. California became the 31st state in the Union even though it hasn’t even been part of the United States for less than 2 years. The Butterfield Overland Mail Stage Line [88] was a stagecoach service operating from 1857 to 1861 of over 2,800 miles (4,500 km). These texts reflect the nation's contemporary changing attitude toward California, and they are a sign of... California: Magnet for Tourists and Home Buyers, Conclusion: Reading California's Early History, Rare Book & Special Collections Reading Room. Passengers disembarking in San Francisco had one of the easier accesses to the gold country since they could take another ship from there to get to Sacramento and several other towns. Mexico, after independence, was unstable with about 40 changes of government, in the 27 years prior to 1848—an average government duration was 7.9 months. Stevenson's troops were recruited with the understanding that they would be discharged in California. After the Portolá expedition of 1769–70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning with the Mission San Diego de Alcala near the location of the modern day city of San Diego, California. [10] The Cabrillo expedition did not see the far north of California, where on the coast and somewhat inland traditional architecture consists of rectangular redwood or cedar plank semisubterranean houses. Some of the first Argonauts, as they were also known, traveled by the all sea route around Cape Horn. In 2003, I was 12 years old, just old enough for my parents to let me watch Terminator. California positioned its first capital in San Jose. Kindly order term papers, essays, research papers, dissertations, thesis, book reports from the order page. The first European who “discovered” the California coast was Portuguese explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who sailed for the Spanish Empire. When the much faster clipper ships began to be used starting in early 1849, they could complete this journey in an average of only 120 days; but they typically carried few passengers. 482.004 European explorers flying the flags of Spain and of England explored the Pacific Coast of California beginning in the mid-16th century. The trip to the east coast could be executed after about 1850 in as short as 40 days if all ship connections could be met with a minimum of waiting. The "republic" never exercised any real authority and only lasted 26 days before accepting U.S. government control. Even before Mexico gained control of Alta California in 1821, the onerous Spanish rules in effect from 1770 to 1821 against trading with foreigners began to break down as the declining Spanish fleet couldn't enforce their no trading policies. All of the greatest civilizations had left painting, music, and literary legacy. Most of the settlers at, or near, Sutter's Fort were new immigrants from the United States.[34][35]. of Zakreski & Hartman. The classic book Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana, Jr. written about 1832 provides a good first hand account of this trade.,[79][80], From 1825 to 1848 the average number of ships traveling to California increased to about 25 ships per year—a large increase from the average of 2.5 ships per year from 1769 to 1824. [56], In San Francisco, many people were initially housed in wooden houses, ships hauled up on the mud flats to serve as homes or businesses, wood-framed canvas tents used for saloons, hotels and boarding houses as well as other flammable structures. Nearly all the missions in Baja California were established by members of the Jesuit order supported by a few soldiers. The former fleet surgeon William M. Wood and John Parrot, the American Consul of Mazatlán, arrived in Guadalajara, Mexico on May 10, 1846. [9] Cabrillo and his men found that there was essentially nothing for the Spanish to easily exploit in California, located at the extreme limits of exploration and trade from Spain it would be left essentially unexplored and unsettled for the next 234 years. [2], The native horticulturalists practiced various forms of forest gardening and fire-stick farming in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands, ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available. [75] The California Constitution of 1849 outlawed any form of slavery in the state, and later the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted into the Union, undivided, as a free state. Different tribes of Native Americans lived in the area that is now California for an estimated 13,000 to 15,000 years. There were about 400 to 500 U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors available for possible land action on the Pacific Squadron's ships. The exploration party, led by Don Gaspar de Portolà, arrived on November 2, 1769, at San Francisco Bay.,[22] One of the greatest ports on the west coast of America had finally been discovered by land. [98] Silicon Valley became the world's center for computer innovation. Hearing word of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma, California, and the arrival of the large British 2,600-ton, 600-man man-of-war HMS Collingwood flagship under Sir George S. Seymour, outside Monterey Harbor, Commodore Sloat was finally stirred to action. The greatly increased population, along with the new wealth of gold, caused: roads, bridges, farms, mines, steamship lines, businesses, saloons, gambling houses, boarding houses, churches, schools, towns, mercury mines, and other components of a rich modern (1850) U.S. culture to be built. The "settled" territory of about 15,000 square miles (40,000 km2) was about 10% of California's eventual 156,000 square miles (400,000 km2) territory. Many of the sailing ships that arrived in San Francisco Bay were abandoned there or converted into warehouses or landfill. [38] Apparently the British never had any orders on whether to interfere or not if hostilities broke out between The Californios and the United States and requesting new orders would have taken from one and a half and two years to get a message to England and back. The few owners of these large ranchos patterned themselves after the landed gentry in Spain and were devoted to keeping themselves living in a grand style. (1999), p. 199. Over the following four months, U.S. forces fought minor skirmishes with the Californio Lancers in the Battle of San Pasqual (in San Diego, California), the Battle of Dominguez Rancho (near Los Angeles), and the Battle of Rio San Gabriel (near Los Angeles). Once the Indians had joined the mission, if they tried to leave, soldiers were sent out to retrieve them. Their mostly unpaid workers were nearly all Spanish trained Indians or peons that had learned how to ride horses and raise some crops. These were the only towns (pueblos) in California. The railroads moved freight and passengers in large quantities and allowed the state's economy and population to expand rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Before the 1848-1855 California Gold Rush this group had a population of about 400. In the late 19th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. Traders, whalers, and scientific missions followed in the next decades.
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