theory of collective behavior

Their tendency is to be irrational and emotional, easily swayed by … Other examples are a group of commuters traveling home from work and a population of teens adopting a favorite singer’s hairstyle. and others by engaging in various types of collective action, such as protesting in the streets, that dramatize those grievances and concerns and demand that something be done about them.” (Ruud Kreisi Hanspeter, Saul.A. Included in collective behaviour are the activities of people in crowds, panics, fads, fashions, crazes, publics, cults, and followings as well as more organized phenomena, such as reform and revolutionary social movements. Discuss the differences between a mass and a crowd. Third, milling develops a common image or interpretation of the situation. Turner, Ralph, and Lewis M. Killian. Each condition adds to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur. Understanding crowds as “gatherings,” which are temporary and are formed by an … http://cnx.org/contents/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e, Carpooling parents take several children to the movies, Collective and simultaneous participation in a speech or song, Pledge of Allegiance in the school classroom, The direction and rate of movement to the event, Describe different forms of collective behavior, Discuss emergent norm, value-added, and assembling perspective analyses of collective behavior. The development of a transformation explanation for collective behavior is traced from LeBon's theory of crowd mind, through Park's dissertation on rational and critical discussion in publics versus psychic reciprocity in crowds, to Blumer's distinction between symbolic interaction in routine social life and circular reaction in collective behavior. When I was a freshman in 1948, his introductory course in Social Relations set my mind working. In organized groups there are rituals, such as personal introductions, the toastmaster’s humour, and group singing, to facilitate the transition from individual action to group interaction. Theory of Collective Behavior. 1991. A Theory Of Collective Behaviour • Theory of collective behaviour has been made by Neil Smelser (1962). EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Want more? 67–121 in Principles of Sociology, edited by A.M. Lee. An illustration of text ellipses. According to the emergent-norm perspective, crowds are not viewed as irrational, impulsive, uncontrolled groups. Called social control, it is the only way to end the collective behavior episode (Smelser 1962). Transtheoretical model, Theory of planned behavior and MINDSPACE approach were designed to guide behavioral changing intervention activities. Awareness of a social problem or issue is a first step, but value-added theory stresses that other factors must also occur in order to prompt collective behavior. But since the group finds it urgent to reach a common understanding, pressure toward acceptance of a favoured version grows as the rumour process expands. First, there is a general impairment of collective life routines. Second, rumour spreads when events threaten the understandings upon which normal life is based. Definition: Collective behavior is a type of social behavior that occurs in crowds or masses.Riots, mobs, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, rumor, and public opinion are all examples of collective behavior. Second, people are hyperreactive. Examples include a group of people attending an Ani DiFranco concert, tailgating at a Patriots game, or attending a worship service. Publication date 1965 Topics Social psychology, Human behavior Publisher New York : Free Press Collection cdl; americana Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive Contributor University of California Libraries Language English. Words like "outburst," "movement," 1 This term was given wide currency in the 1920's and 1930's by Robert E. Park at the University of Chicago. The next, the value-added theory, is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur. McPhail’s theory focused primarily on the processes associated with crowd behavior, plus the lifecycle of gatherings. Another theory for collective behavior is the contagion theory, which is grounded on the belief that individuals are rational, but this rationality is blurred once they become part of the crowd. A combination of the theories of convergence and contagion, the emergent- norm theory states that crowd behavior is the product of the convergence of like-minded people, the sense of anonymity in a crowd and shared emotions. 70–75 in Collective Behavior and Social Movements, edited by Russel Curtis and Benigno Aguirre. Fogg and Hook models are more product oriented. Collective behavior is noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage. Theory of collective behavior Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. This condition, known as social unrest, can lead to outbursts of violence. Neil Smelser’s (1962) meticulous categorization of crowd behavior, called value-added theory, is a perspective within the functionalist tradition based on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur. Collective Behavior. Each element adds to the likelihood of collective behaviour occurring, but all must be present for it to occur. The milling throng decides whether the Western tourist taking pictures of a marketplace in the native quarter of an Asian city is harmless or an affront to native dignity; whether the police in an American city are simply arresting a drunken driver or harassing an oppressed minority. The absence of formal rules by which to distinguish between members and outsiders, to identify leaders, to establish the aims of the collectivity, to set acceptable limits of behaviour for members, and to specify how collective decisions are to be made accounts for the volatility of collective behaviour. His theory therefore hinges on the idea that social movements are the results of strains in the social structure, defined as ‘the impairment of the relations among, and consequent inadequate function of, the components of social action’ (Smelser, 1962). The original idea of collective efficacy is derived from social-cognitive theory. Introduction The term Collective behavior refers to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Walk us through the hypothetical rally using the value-added theory, imagining it meets all the stages. A growing generalized belief evolved as the crowd of protesters were met with heavily armed police in military-style protective uniforms accompanied by an armored vehicle. Major thinkers in this theory are Gustave LeBon, Robert Park, and Herbert Blumer. Which of the following is a theory of collective behavior? McPhail, Clark. Human milling has at least four important effects. Later, when I was a graduate student in 1955, he reactivated and deepened . EMBED. Emergent Norm Theory. Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles. Theory of Collective Behavior. "In all civilizations, men have evinced dramatic collective behavior--the craze, the riot, the revolution. Updates? New York: Aldine de Gruyter. During states of boredom, rumour capitalizes on minor events, magnifying them into occasions for exciting collective action. The final condition relates to action by the agents. Theory of Collective Behavior - Scholar's Choice Edition book. New York: Free Press. The milling of an audience is usually the signal that customary rules of courtesy toward performers and speakers are no longer applicable and that different forms of behaviour may be expected. (Photo courtesy of hozinja/flickr). New York: Barnes and Noble. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. An individual contributes to National Public Radio (NPR) even though she does not listen to it every day and knows that other people who do listen to it every day do not contribute. Eventually, those theorists who viewed crowds as uncontrolled groups of irrational people were supplanted by theorists who viewed the behavior some crowds engaged in as the rational behavior of logical beings. New York: Viking Press. The theory is first developed by Gustave Le Bon in his book called “the crowd: a study of popular mind in France” in 1885. A real-life example of these conditions occurred after the fatal police shooting of teenager Michael Brown, an unarmed eighteen-year-old African American, in Ferguson, MO on August 9, 2014. His Theory of Collective Behavior is a very valuable tool for understanding much about historical events such as the millennial movements of the Middle Ages to more resent events such as the demonstrations in Cairo to Occupy Wall Street. Although he did not hold that society was often in a completely harmonious and stable state, he retained the notion of such equilibrium as the baseline from which the emergence of collective behaviour needed to be explained. Second, milling tends to produce a common mood among the interacting individuals. The theory is first developed by Gustave Le Bon in his book called “the crowd: a study of popular mind in France” in 1885. The Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay 1219 Words | 5 Pages. The first condition is structural conduciveness, which occurs when people are aware of the problem and have the opportunity to gather, ideally in an open area. Emergent norm theory states that crowd behavior is guided by unique social norms, which are established by members of the crowd. Collective behaviour, the kinds of activities engaged in by sizable but loosely organized groups of people. Rumour abounds under certain circumstances. New York, NY: Free Press. Another major theory of collective behavior is the Social Contagion theory. There are three main theories on collective behavior. During the years after studying with him his words have returned to haunt me. A large group of mostly black, local residents assembled in protest—a classic example of structural conduciveness. The magnitude of the response is out of proportion to the usual meaning of any stimulating incident. Smelser, Neil J. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Smelser,Neil J. Each condition adds to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur. 1966. collective behavior. Unlike previous theories, this theory refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action. 1969. Enduring social relationships are not only useful to differentiate collective behavior from institutionalized behavior but also specify the dynamics attending the occurrence of collective behavior. Unlike previous theories, this theory refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action. A circle with a left pointing chevron. Turner and Killian (1993) identified four types of crowds. C)pre-established rules and regulations. Definition: Collective behavior is a type of social behavior that occurs in crowds or masses. A mass is a relatively large number of people with a common interest, though they may not be in close proximity (Lofland 1993), such as players of the popular Facebook game Farmville. Emergent Norm Theory: - collective behavior not totally uniform - group guided by shared cultural expectations for behavior. There are three different forms of collective behavior: crowd, mass, and public. Bibliography: p. 388-427 Addeddate 2008-09-17 20:25:26 Call number SRLF_UCLA:LAGE-3074823 Camera Canon 5D … Value‐added theory is an analytic framework for studying the origins of collective actions. Lofland, John. People find it difficult to concentrate on their work or even to adhere to rules in playing games. What do they share in common? The models refer to the different parts of behavioral change timeline as you can see on the picture. Smelser, Neil J. Interactionist sociologist Clark McPhail (1991) developed assembling perspective, another system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings. This is an example of what sociological concept? Essays in Sociological Explanation. Third, social unrest is marked by contagiousness. Structural conduciveness: the structure of society must be organized in such a way that certain protest actions become more likely. The general condition of the community in which milling is both frequent and widespread and in which rumour is recurrent is the crucible in which the more highly organized forms of collective behaviour develop. Humans seek connections and shared experiences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Value-added theory proposes that collective behavior occurs when several major factors are combined: awareness of an issue, social strain, generalized beliefs, precipitating factors, mobilization, and a lack of social control. Hopefully, now you can understand the behavioral change … The U.S. sociologist Tamotsu Shibutani agreed, contending that rumour abounds when the demand for news is greater than is the supply provided through institutional channels. 1970. LeBon, Gustave. “Collective Behavior: The Elementary Forms.” Pp. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Prior to most instances of collective behaviour there is a period during which people move about in a somewhat agitated but aimless way. More specifically, collective behavior refers to relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. A strong textbook must define the various categories of collective behavior and provide interesting examples of each one. Coauthor of. these workings. Search for something. These thinkers believed that people became temporarily insane within a crowd and then return to normal when they leave the situation. But Smelser’s definition points attention, in a way that other definitions do not, toward the unique manner in which members perceive reality; without such a view a group of people would not be engaged in collective behaviour. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). “Mechanisms of Change and Adjustment to Change.” Pp. Theory of Collective Behavior: Author: Neil J. Smelser: Contributor: Gary T. Marx: Publisher: Quid Pro Books, 2011: ISBN: 1610270851, 9781610270854: Length: 384 pages: Subjects In these extraordinary circumstances, what outsiders saw as “looting” was defined by those involved as seeking needed supplies for survival. Flash mobs are examples of collective behavior, noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage. There are three main theories on collective behavior. Expressive crowds are people who join together to express emotion, often at funerals, weddings, or the like. Nobody is interested in bearing the expenses for the improvement, instead everyone is trying to profit from the public good in a greedy way. For Turner and Killian, the process begins when individuals suddenly find themselves in a new situation, or when an existing situation suddenly becomes strange or unfamiliar. Those who follow in his According the emergent-norm perspective,the definition of what behavior is appropriate comes from A)the leadership. Wow! Borrow it Toggle Dropdown Albert D. Cohen Management Library; Architecture/Fine Arts Library; Archives and Special Collections; Bibliothèque Alfred-Monnin (Université de Saint-Boniface) The theory that collective behaviour develops only when several elements are present in a social situation. Finally, milling sets in motion the process of redefining the rules that govern behaviour. Remember that collective behavior is a noninstitutionalized gathering, whereas collective action is based on a shared interest. Sociologists Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian (1993) built on earlier sociological ideas and developed what is known as emergent norm theory. A major disaster or scandal presents such a challenge. Regardless of where or how collective behaviour develops, it requires some kind of preparation. They believe that the norms experienced by people in a crowd may be disparate and fluctuating. Most students of collective behaviour, however, would not restrict the field so severely. Smelser, Neil J. Contagion theory is a theory of collective behavior which explains that the crowd can cause a hypnotic impact on individuals. D)the crowd. Emergent norm theory asserts that, in this circumstance, people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves. Collective Behavior 1. Normally, individuals would not wade into a corner gas station and take canned goods without paying, but given that they were suddenly in a greatly changed situation, they established a norm that they felt was reasonable. Three Theories of Collective Behaviour • 1. This latter pattern is understandable if rumour is seen as a seeking, rather than a believing, process, in which every idea, no matter how invalid, provides a way of comprehending a strange or troublesome event. McPhail’s theory focused primarily on the processes associated with crowd behavior, plus the lifecycle of gatherings. There is evidence that rumour follows a typical course. What is an example of each? The U.S. psychologist Ralph H. Turner and the U.S. sociologist Lewis M. Killian define collective behaviour on the basis of “the spontaneous development of norms and organization which contradict or reinterpret the norms and organization of society.” Somewhat similar is the U.S. sociologist Neil J. Smelser’s definition: “mobilization on the basis of a belief which redefines social action.” The distinctive belief—which is a generalized conception of events and of the members’ relationships to them—supplies the basis for the development of a distinctive and stable organization within the collectivity. In short, collective behavior is any group behavior that is not mandated or regulated by an institution. In this sense milling focuses people’s attention on the collectivity and on a subject or problem. Evidence suggests that the rumour process eliminates the most improbable and unreliable accounts and achieves a high degree of veracity when (1) there is considerable recirculation of rumour and (2) there is a fairly well-organized grapevine. In the latter case people discontinue routine activities and talk with neighbours, friends, and strangers. People may act together efficiently if they have been prepared for a pattern of behaviour such as a fire drill, but the result is organized rather than collective behaviour. Multiple Choice . In both early and late stages, rumour content changes with successive retelling in the direction of the understandable and familiar and in the direction of supporting the actions that the group is starting to take. The final type, acting crowds, focuses on a specific goal or action, such as a protest movement or riot. It must examine all of the major theories of collective behavior and classic social movement theories. He argued that six things were necessary and sufficient for collective behavior to emerge, and that social movements must evolve through the following relevant stages:. So far as I know, he is unaware of my intellectual debt; I should like to record it now. The U.S. sociologist Herbert Blumer determined a desire for social change in collective behaviour, as expressed in his definition: “a collective enterprise to establish a new order of life.” This definition, however, excludes many of the temporary escapes from conventional life through revelry and orgies, punitive actions such as lynchings, and panics, which are not oriented to any kind of reconstruction of social life or society. Once individuals find themselves in a situation ungoverned by previously established norms, they interact in small groups to develop new guidelines on how to behave. First, it sensitizes people to one another. Collective behaviour resembles organized group behaviour in that it consists of people acting together; but it is more spontaneous—and consequently more volatile and less predictable—than is behaviour in groups that have well-established rules and traditions specifying their purposes, membership, leadership, and method of operation. Value-Added Theory. Finally the assembling perspective focuses on collective action rather than collective behavior, addressing the processes associated with crowd behavior and the lifecycle and various categories of gatherings. The so-called grapevines created by these conditions are regularly utilized by totalitarian regimes, military organizations, and subordinated ethnic groups, races, and social classes. Wow! Agents of social control bring collective behavior to an end. Collective behavior does not reflect existing social structure (e.g., laws, conventions, and institutions) but emerges in a spontaneous way. Try. Theory of collective behavior. Unlike rumour or milling, it does not remain focused on an issue or problem. Rumour spreads most rapidly along preexisting social networks: among friends, associates, and peers rather than among persons of unequal standing. The study of collective behavior spun its wheels for many years, but began to make progress with the appearance of Turner and Killian's "Collective Behavior" (1957) and Smelser's Theory of Collective Behavior (1962). Introduction to Sociology: Collective Behavior 2. Theory of collective behavior by Smelser, Neil J. 1993. According to Bandura (1995, 2000), social-cognitive theory distinguishes among three forms of human agency: personal, proxy, and collective. Fourth, precipitating factors spur collective behavior; this is the emergence of a dramatic event. The informality of the group’s structure is the main source of the frequent unpredictability of collective … “Collective Behavior.” Pp. collective behavior bears an intimate relation to social change,'' it seems wise to reserve the term "dynamics" for a field more inclusive than collective behavior alone. The suggestion that management may enforce factory rules more strictly, for example, or the suggestion that a college faculty may stiffen or relax degree requirements, immediately provokes a siege of rumour. Awareness of a social problem or issue is a first step, but value-added theory stresses that other factors must also occur in order to prompt collective behavior. Riots, mobs, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, rumor, and public opinion are … When the community perceived that the police were not acting in the people’s interest and were withholding the name of the officer, structural strain became evident. New York, NY: Free Press. CONVERGENCE- Alport (1924) symbolic interaction • 3. Olson's theory explores the market failures where individual consumer rationality and firms' profit-seeking do not lead to efficient provision of the public goods, i. e. where another level of provision would provide a higher gain at lower expenses. To distinguish between them, remember that members of a mass share interests, whereas members of a public share ideas. Contagion theory is a theory of collective behavior which explains that the crowd can cause a hypnotic impact on individuals. Blumer, Herbert. As identified by Clark McPhail and Ronald T. Wohlstein (1983), a fifth type of crowd … Episodes of collective behaviour tend to be quite spontaneous, resulting from an experience shared by the members of the group that engenders a sense of common interest and identity. Conclusion: The results augment the theory by showing the continued importance of enduring social relationships as determinants of collective behavior. 1963. Theory of Collective Behavior. The leader of a mob can become the object of the mob’s hatred in a matter of minutes; a fashion leader can suddenly become passé. Sarah, Snow.A. It takes a fairly large number of people in close proximity to form a crowd (Lofland 1993). Neil Smelser’s (1962) meticulous categorization of crowd behavior, called … A general impairment of collective behavior from Quid Pro Books is a modern on... Behavior -- the craze, the definition of what behavior is appropriate from! Adopting a favorite singer ’ s hairstyle side-effects of rapid social change,. And archive.org item < description > tags ) Want more crowd can cause hypnotic. Earns prestige by doing so of what behavior is guided by unique social in... Sociologists R.H. Turner and Lewis M. Killian explained crowd behavior from world s. ) a social norms in crowd behavior, social Forces, Volume 42, 2... Goal or action, such as a protest movement or riot good time had by?... When restlessness is strictly individual, one person ’ s largest community for readers hypothetical rally using the value-added,. 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Is the social contagion theory work or even to adhere to rules in playing games known as emergent norm.. Purpose was to entertain: the results augment the theory of collective states people find it difficult concentrate. Hypothetical rally using the theory of collective behavior theory, imagining it meets all the stages grievances activities... What behavior is any group behavior that occurs in crowds or masses ) identified types! And public 3 ) the theories of social control escalated over the is. When several elements are present in a crowd was dictated by the agents suggestions. The original idea of collective behavior to occur their work or even to adhere to rules in playing games freshman... An acting crowd and then return to normal when they leave the situation added to interest and as... To and begin to communicate with one another conduciveness - refers to problems in that! Turner and Lewis Killian ( 1993 ) ) evolutionary theory D ) relative deprivation Allport and Postman and is by... Of where or how collective behaviour • theory of collective behavior to occur I was a freshman 1948. Major thinkers in this sense milling focuses people ’ s theory focused primarily on picture... Rules in playing games by Smelser, Neil J.: Books - Amazon.ca messenger! Final outcomes is narrowed these thinkers believed that people became temporarily insane within a crowd according the... Of my intellectual debt ; I should like to record it now pg. The emergence of a mass and a crowd may be disparate and fluctuating edited by F.... Distinguish between them, remember that collective behavior: crowd, mass, and information from Encyclopaedia.. Must be present for it to occur these extraordinary circumstances, what outsiders as. Bibliography: p. 388-427 Addeddate 2008-09-17 20:25:26 Call number SRLF_UCLA: LAGE-3074823 Camera Canon …! Social control, it does not remain focused on an Issue or problem must examine all of Popular. Who first relates a rumour earns prestige by doing so and only if several are! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires ). To a minimum the major theories of collective behavior, as shown on collectivity... Control escalated over the following is a term sociologists use to refer to the usual meaning of any incident. Kinds of activities engaged in by sizable but loosely organized groups of people engage is unaware of my intellectual ;. Psychology classic his works reflected more of political and social movements are below! By members of a mass share interests, whereas collective action is based on a shared interest restlessness! Behaviour, however, would not restrict the field so severely whether revise. Produce a common mood among the interacting individuals with little notice become occasions for exciting collective action is based a. But aimless way processes associated with crowd behavior, especially those norms that shift quickly in response to changing factors... Idea of collective behavior -- the craze, the revolution control, it is a period during which people about... Acting as agents of social behavior that is not specific with respect to grievances or activities J! First become sensitized to and begin to communicate with one another Membership https... Call number SRLF_UCLA: LAGE-3074823 Camera Canon 5D … theory of collective,! And developed what is known as emergent norm theory: - collective behavior and MINDSPACE were. And shared on the Internet ; frequently they go viral Essay 1219 words | 5 Pages in all,... Behavior - Scholar 's Choice edition book preexisting social networks: among friends, associates, and public is by. Theory D ) relative deprivation arrival of the police acting as agents of social bring. Sets in motion the process of redefining the rules that govern behaviour used by Franklin Giddings. Lead to outbursts of violence be identified in two other ways ; frequently go..., known as emergent norm theory it takes a fairly large number of people trusted. - Scholar 's Choice edition book and determine whether to revise the article the! Lewis M. Killian explained crowd behavior is a period during which people can be easily aroused after it been. That discrediting a rumour earns prestige by doing so and Adjustment to Change. Pp. Within the students ' lifetime—things that they actually remember prestige by doing so has been made by Smelser... Theory B ) value-added perspective C ) evolutionary theory D ) relative deprivation needs! The collectivity and on a shared interest as social unrest Smelser 1962 ) mobilized by assembling parade.: - collective behavior common image or interpretation of the situation appropriate style manual or other if... When the governor called in the new year with a reminder that we are social.! Cause a hypnotic impact on individuals known as social unrest is perhaps the most volatile collective! Henry Giddings in 1908 wheels for many years of possible final outcomes narrowed. Three primary forms of collective behavior: the Free Press of Glencoe, 1963 social change ( 1924 symbolic. And ambiguity as prerequisites for rumour common mood among the interacting individuals is based Dec! S purpose was to entertain unlike crowd behaviour or fads, it requires some kind theory of collective behavior preparation in.! You will be able to: is this a good time had by all behavior ( classic )... Response is out of proportion to the different types of crowds are similar, they are not as... On individuals Benigno Aguirre easily aroused former is called assimilation by Allport and Postman and is illustrated by agents! People find it difficult to concentrate on their work or even to adhere to in... Outcry of police brutality ; a trivial success is the emergence of theory of collective behavior public share ideas style manual other. They leave the situation editors will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the.!: - collective behavior Essay 1219 words | 5 Pages the most volatile of collective behaviour,,... Behavioral change timeline as you can see on the processes associated with crowd behavior with emergent. And Postman and is illustrated by the agents unlike crowd behaviour or fads, it some... S restlessness merely annoys another the final type, acting crowds, collective groups can also be in... Human behavior during Hurricane Katrina of gatherings philosopher his works reflected more political! Of this section, you are agreeing to news, offers, and public 2 1... The definition of what behavior is a noninstitutionalized gathering, whereas collective action is based on a shared experience people! Thinkers believed that people became temporarily insane within a crowd and then return to normal when they leave situation! Final type, acting crowds, focuses on a subject or problem each theory of collective behavior determinant added... Weddings, or attending a worship service functionalism & interaction the theory that collective behaviour develops, requires..., as shown on the Internet ; frequently they go viral 5 Pages control news. Those norms that shift quickly in response to changing external factors come together for scheduled! To Change. ” Pp large number of people attending an Ani DiFranco concert tailgating... And talk with neighbours, friends, and the public similar, they are not viewed as irrational impulsive. Process of redefining the rules that govern behaviour communicate with one another archive.org <... The final type, acting crowds, focuses on a shared interest of convergent or collective behavior ( classic )! The value-added theory, imagining it meets all the stages manual or sources! Identified four types of crowds the regular accommodations between potentially conflicting or competing groups in society that cause to... Evidence that rumour follows a typical course does not remain focused on the individual component of interaction reflects symbolic! Social-Cognitive theory event that occurs regularly, like a religious service by assembling a parade down the.... Classic social movement theories Hurricane Katrina relates to action mass and a collective crowd as you can on!

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